Municipal Development Policy in Germany: Current Trends, Challenges and Recommendations for Further Promotion

How has municipal development policy in Germany continued to unfold over the last few years, and where do things stand today? What has been achieved, and what are the challenges for municipal development engagement? Moreover, how can German municipalities be further supported in maximising their contribution to globally sustainable development up to 2030 and beyond? These questions are addressed in two complementary investigations: a study by the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), and an evaluation by the German Institute for Development Evaluation (DEval). This policy brief presents the key findings and recommendations of both investigations

Kommunale Entwicklungspolitik in Deutschland: Aktuelle Entwicklungen, Herausforderungen und Empfehlungen zur weiteren Förderung

Wie hat sich die kommunale Entwicklungspolitik in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren weiterentwickelt und wo steht sie heute? Was wurde erreicht und welche Herausforderungen bestehen für kommunales entwicklungspolitisches Engagement? Und wie können deutsche Kommunen weiter unterstützt werden, um bis 2030 und darüber hinaus einen möglichst großen Beitrag zu einer global nachhaltigen Entwicklung leisten zu können? Diesen Fragen wurde in zwei komplementär angelegten Untersuchungen nachgegangen

Innovations for Sustainability: Pathways to an efficient and post-pandemic future

3rd Report prepared by The World in 2050 initiativ

Diminished humoral responses against and reduced gene expression levels of human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) in psoriasis

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a multifactorial, chronic disease of skin affecting 2-3% of the world’s population. Genetic studies of psoriasis have identified a number of susceptibility genes that are involved in anti-viral immunity. Furthermore, physiological studies have also found an increase in anti-viral proteins in psoriatic skin. These findings suggest the presence of an anti-viral state in psoriatic skin. However, the triggers for this anti-viral cascade and its consequences for host immunity are not known. Endogenous retroviruses have previously been described in many autoimmune diseases including psoriasis. METHODS: In the present study we examined the humoral immune response against human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) proteins and the cutaneous expression levels of multiple HERV-K genes in psoriasis patients and healthy controls. RESULTS: In psoriatic sera we observed a significant decrease in IgM response against three HERV-K proteins: Env surface unit (SU), Env transmembrane protein (TM), and Gag capsid (CA) in comparison to sera obtained from blood bank healthy controls. A decrease in IgG response was also observed against CA. Furthermore, using quantitative RT-PCR we observed a decrease in the expression of HERV-K Env, Gag, Pol and Rec as well as ERV-9 genes in lesional psoriatic skin as compared to healthy skin. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results suggest that the pro-inflammatory, anti-viral state in psoriasis is associated with diminished expression of HERV-K gene transcripts and a concomitant decrease in humoral responses to HERV-K. Our results indicate that a simple model where continuous, minimally changing HERV-K expression serves as an antigenic trigger in psoriasis might not be correct and further studies are needed to decipher the possible relationship between psoriasis and HERVs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0256-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users